Cultivar macieiras a partir de sementes em casa é uma empreitada gratificante, e as mudas resultantes frequentemente exibem mais vigor do que seus equivalentes enxertados provenientes de viveiros. Em 3 a 4 anos, uma planta de maçã pode superar o tamanho de uma muda envasada, eventualmente crescendo para se tornar uma árvore com potencial para durar séculos.
Embora as macieiras sejam tipicamente propagadas por enxertia para garantir frutas idênticas, plantar sementes introduz variabilidade semelhante à diversidade genética. Essa imprevisibilidade é semelhante à herança genética entre os humanos. Dado que as pessoas geralmente preferem previsibilidade, a clonagem por meio da enxertia é o método preferido para as macieiras.
No entanto, algumas das variedades de maçã mais deliciosas surgiram como mudas. Plantar sementes de maçã é semelhante a uma loteria botânica, e considerando que o núcleo da maçã muitas vezes está destinado à compostagem, não há nada a perder em tentar cultivar sua própria macieira.
Escolher sementes de suas variedades de maçã favoritas aumenta a probabilidade de produzir frutas desejáveis. Mesmo que algumas mudas produzam maçãs adequadas para cidra ou vida selvagem, elas contribuem para o ecossistema fornecendo flores abundantes e néctar para as abelhas, auxiliando na polinização de outras árvores frutíferas.
Preparando as Sementes de Maçã para o Plantio:
As sementes de maçã requerem estratificação a frio para quebrar a dormência. Siga estes passos:
- Armazene as sementes em uma geladeira úmida por um mínimo de 6 semanas.
- Coloque as sementes em uma toalha de papel úmida dentro de um saco plástico parcialmente aberto.
- Armazene na geladeira, verificando a toalha semanalmente para manter a umidade.
Plantio das Sementes de Maçã:
Após o período de estratificação a frio, plante as sementes diretamente ao ar livre se a última geada da primavera já tiver passado. Alternativamente, germine-as em vasos para protegê-las contra predação e aumentar as taxas de germinação.
- Coloque cerca de uma dúzia de sementes em um vaso de viveiro reciclado com solo para sementes.
- Mantenha condições quentes e úmidas, semelhantes ao plantio de outras sementes de primavera, como tomates.
Germinação e Transplante:
Após 6 semanas de estratificação, a germinação ocorre rapidamente:
- As sementes germinadas podem emergir rapidamente do solo, especialmente aquelas que começaram a germinar na toalha de papel.
- Supondo temperaturas do solo quentes (cerca de 24°C), espere que as sementes apareçam em 1-2 semanas.
- Cultive as mudas em vasos até atingirem uma altura de pelo menos 4 polegadas.
Transplantando as Mudas de Maçã:
Espere até que as temperaturas noturnas estejam consistentemente acima de 10°C na primavera ou início do verão antes de transplantar as mudas para o solo. O plantio de macieiras não enxertadas permite um crescimento robusto, mas a poda adequada é essencial para controlar o tamanho.
Tempo para Dar Frutos:
Contrariando as expectativas, as mudas de maçã podem dar frutos em um período de tempo comparável às árvores caras de viveiro enxertadas. Tipicamente, as macieiras de viveiros começam a dar frutos cerca de 8 anos após o plantio. Em contraste, as mudas caseiras podem alcançar resultados semelhantes dentro de 5 anos, muitas vezes ultrapassando as árvores de viveiro enxertadas em altura dentro de três anos. O cronograma exato para dar frutos permanece incerto, mas a paciência revelará o resultado.

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